Why Luzia was important

Cast of the skull known as Luzia as displayed at
National Museum of Natural History Washington DC
Photo by Ryan Somma CC BY-SA 2.0

Luzia was excavated from Lapa Vermelha, Minas Gerais, Brazil and was the oldest human fossil from South America. She was found in strata dated to 11,000 years ago. Whilst casts of the skull exist elsewhere the original was lost (at best severely damaged) in the catastrophic fire that destroyed the National Museum in Rio de Janeiro. 

Luzia Woman belonged to an ancient population formerly known as Lagõa Santa Man or Paleoamerind. The first to excavate such skulls was the Danish Naturalist Peter Lund, who found them as far back as 1840. Based on the classical craniometric criteria used by anthropologists until well into the twentieth century, this population clearly diverged from all others in North and South America.

Lagõa Santa skull excavated 1840 by Peter Wilhelm Lund

There is an interesting correlate in modern genomic data. David Reich and colleagues postulate an ancient Population Y corresponding to a genetic signal borne by the Surui people of the Amazon region (discussed here - see previous post for Reich's book where this is further discussed). The interesting thing about this signal is that it is shared with the faraway Andaman Islanders and natives of New Guinea and Australia.

We already know of two branches to the population that crossed the Bering Strait and peopled North and South America - thanks to work by Eske Willerslev's group (here). Was there a third branch that gave rise to the Paleoamerinds or even a separate and earlier migration?

To piece this together it would have been useful to extract ancient DNA from the Luzia skull. That had not been done prior to the fire. There are other skulls around including those excavated by Peter Lund and now housed in Copenhagen. They may yet yield new pieces to complete the puzzle.